I-5 as a Continental Barrier

Species Richness along I-5

The impact of highways on wildlife is well known, with unwanted effects ranging from genetic isolation of populations, wildlife-vehicle collisions, behavioral changes, and more. The UC Davis Road Ecology Center conducted a literature meta-analysis utilizing articles that evaluated the impact of Interstate 5 on 113 native terrestrial mammals.The results of our meta-analysis are invaluable to wildlife research and planning, by providing information on where wildlife connectivity may be impaired, as well as informing researchers where the gaps in research occur, both taxonomically and geographically. Our goal was to examine the impact of linear transportation on wildlife connectivity and whether Interstate 5 could be classified as a continental barrier to mammalian movement.

Project Status
Current Project
Program
Wildlife Movement / Connectivity

Literature

Geographic Region(s) Taxonomic Order Taxonomic Species Associated File(s)
Willamette Valley, Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Rodentia, Soricomorpha Vagrant shrew (Sorex vagrans), Trowbridge's shrew (Sorex trowbridgii), Western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis), Dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes), Western red-backed vole (Myodes californicus), California vole (Microtus californicus), Montane vole (Microtus montanus), Townsend's vole (Microtus townsendii), Creeping vole (Microtus oregoni), Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni), North American deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), Northwestern deer mouse (Peromyscus keeni), Pinon deer mouse (Peromyscus truei), Brush deer mouse (Peromyscus boylii), Canyon deer mouse (Peromyscus crinitus) Adams et al. (1983) I5 - Effects of Roads on Small Mammals.pdf
Central Valley Rodentia Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) Alexander et al. (2019) I5 - Generalist dispersal and gene flow of an endangered keystone specialist (Dipodomys ingens).pdf
Sacramento Valley Carnivora Coyote (Canis latrans), Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) Amanda Elise Coen (2021) OReg - Chapter 3- Genetic connectivity detected in two sympatric canids across highways with different usage intensities in California.pdf
Southern California Carnivora, Ungulata Bobcat (Lynx rufus), Coyote (Canis latrans), Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Andrea Gullo (2007) OReg - Case study_ Harbor boulevard Wildlife underpass, Los Angeles County, California.pdf
Northwestern Washington Carnivora Gray wolf (Canis lupus) Anthony P. Clevenger (2012) OReg - Mitigating Continental Bottlenecks How Small Scale Highway Mitigation Has Large-Scale Impacts.pdf
Southern California Carnivora Bobcat (Lynx rufus), Coyote (Canis latrans) Avan et al. (2016) I5 - Evaluating Wildlife Use in the Coast to Cleveland Wildlife Corridor in Orange County.pdf
Southern California Carnivora, Rodentia, Ungulata Cougar (Puma concolor), Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), American badger (Taxidea taxus), Little pocket mouse (Perognathus longimembris) Beier et al. (2005) I5 - South Coast Missing Linkages_ restoring connectivity to wildlands in the largest metropolitan area in the United States (1).pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains, Sacramento Valley, Central Valley, Southern California BIOS et al. (2024) OReg - Ace Dataset Fact Sheet - Terrestrial Connectivity.pdf
Central Valley, Southern California Carnivora Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) Bjurlin et al. (2003) I5 - Effects of Roads on San Joaquin Kit Foxes_ A review and Synthesis of Existing Data.pdf
Central Valley Carnivora Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) Bjurlin et al. (2005) OReg - Urban Roads and the Endangered San Joaquin Kit Fox.pdf
Central Valley, Southern California Carnivora Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) Bremner-Harrison et al. (2007) I5 - Use of Highway Crossing Structures by Kit Foxes.pdf.pdf
Southwestern Washington Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Ungulata Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Elk (Cervus elaphus), White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Coyote (Canis latrans), North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), American beaver (Castor canadensis), Bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), North American deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), Northwestern deer mouse (Peromyscus keeni) Brian C. Stewart (2019) I5 - Assessing the permeability of large underpasses and viaducts on Interstate 5 in Southwest Washington State for local wildlife, with an emphasis on ungulates.pdf
Southern California Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Ungulata Little pocket mouse (Perognathus longimembris), Black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), California pocket mouse (Chaetodipus californicus), Stephen's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi), Desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida), Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Coyote (Canis latrans), California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi), Botta's pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae), Desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), House mouse (Mus musculus), Dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes), North American deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), Cactus deer mouse (Peromyscus eremicus), San Diego pocket mouse (Chaetodipus fallax), California deer mouse (Peromyscus californicus) Caltrans (2008) I5 - Natural Environment Study Interstate 5 North Coast Corridor Project.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains, Sacramento Valley, Central Valley, Southern California Ungulata Elk (Cervus elaphus) CDFW (2018) I5 - Elk Conservation and Management Plan.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains, Central Valley, Southern California Carnivora, Ungulata Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Cougar (Puma concolor), Gray wolf (Canis lupus), American black bear (Ursus americanus), Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) CDFW (2022) I5 - Restoring California's Wildlife Connectivity.pdf
Southern California Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Rodentia Bobcat (Lynx rufus), Coyote (Canis latrans), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi), Brush deer mouse (Peromyscus boylii), Cactus deer mouse (Peromyscus eremicus), California deer mouse (Peromyscus californicus), Canyon deer mouse (Peromyscus crinitus), Northern Baja deer mouse (Peromyscus fraterculus), Pinon deer mouse (Peromyscus truei), Big-eared woodrat (Neotoma macrotis), Desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida), Dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) Clark et al. (2019) I5 - Irvine Spectrum Wildlife Corridor Camera Monitoring Project.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains, Sacramento Valley, Central Valley, Southern California Carnivora, Ungulata Coyote (Canis latrans), Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Collins et al. (2020) I5 - Conservation Strategies that Address Habitat Loss and Fragmentation_ Implications for Forest Cover Change and Wildlife Behavior.pdf
Central Valley Carnivora Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) Constable et al. (2009) I5 - Conservation of San Joaquin Kit Foxes in Western Merced County, California.pdf
Central Valley, Southern California Carnivora Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) Cypher et al. (2005) OReg - Effects of Two-Lane Roads on Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes.pdf
Central Valley Carnivora Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) Cypher et al. (2007) I5 - Habitat Suitability and Potential Corridors for San Joaquin Kit Fox in the San Luis Unit.pdf
Central Valley Carnivora Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) Cypher et al. (2011) I5 - Suitability of Potential Reintroduction Sites for San Joaquin Kit Foxes.pdf
Willamette Valley Carnivora, Rodentia, Soricomorpha, Ungulata North American deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), Townsend's vole (Microtus townsendii), Vagrant shrew (Sorex vagrans), American beaver (Castor canadensis), Coyote (Canis latrans), Townsend's chipmunk (Tamias townsendii), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), Ermine (Mustela erminea), Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Bobcat (Lynx rufus), Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) de Rivera (2010) OReg - The Effectiveness of Vertebrate Passage and Prevention Structures_ A Study of Boeckman Road in Wilsonville.pdf
Willamette Valley, Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Ungulata Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) de Rivera et al. (2022) I5 - Visualizing Connectivity for Wildlife in a World Without Roads.pdf
Southwestern Washington Rodentia Western pocket gopher (Thomomys mazama) Derek W. Stinson (2005) OReg - Draft Washington State Status Report for the Mazama Pocket Gopher, Streaked Horned Lark, and Taylor's Checkerspot.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains, Sacramento Valley, Central Valley, Southern California Carnivora Cougar (Puma concolor) Ernest et al. (2002) I5 - Genetic structure of mountain lion (Puma concolor) populations in California.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Carnivora Gray wolf (Canis lupus), Fisher (Martes pennanti) Evan Frost (2018) I5 - A Review and Synthesis of Ecological Connectivity Assessments Relevent to the Cascade-Siskiyou Landscape in Southwest Oregon and Adjacent California.pdf
Northwestern Washington Carnivora American black bear (Ursus americanus) Gaines et al. (2005) OReg - Landscape evaluation of female black bear habitat effectiveness and capability in the North Cascades, Washington.pdf
Southern California Carnivora Cougar (Puma concolor) Glenn Lukos Associates (2017) OReg - Biological Technical Report The Property at 6459 & 6443 W. Innsdale Drive City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Ungulata Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Hatch et al. (2007) I5 - Final report on Oregon Wildlife Linkage workshops hosted by ODFW in 2007.pdf
Willamette Valley, Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Rodentia Red tree vole (Arborimus longicaudus) Heinrichs et al. (2023) I5 - Characterizing long-term population conditions of the elusive red tree vole with dynamic individual-based modeling.pdf
Jackson et al. (2000) OReg - A Strategy for Mitigating Highway Impacts on Wildlife.pdf
Southwestern Washington, Willamette Valley, Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Carnivora Gray wolf (Canis lupus) Jacob L. Mesler (2015) I5 - Modeling habitat suitability and connectivity of gray wolf (Canis lupus) populations in the Pacific Northwest.pdf
Northwestern Washington, Southwestern Washington, Willamette Valley Ungulata White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Jeffrey M. Azerrad (2016) I5 - Periodic Status Review for the Columbian White-tailed Deer.pdf
Northwestern Washington, Southwestern Washington, Willamette Valley, Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Kathy M. Martin (2001) OReg - Wildlife in alpine and sub-alpine habitats.pdf
Southern California Carnivora Bobcat (Lynx rufus), Coyote (Canis latrans), Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) Kelcey Stricker (2015) OReg - The Effect of Interstate 15 on Mammalian Communities in Southern California's Conserved Lands.pdf
Northwestern Washington Carnivora Coyote (Canis latrans) Kreling et al. (2024) I5 - City divided_ Unveiling family ties and genetic structuring of coyotes in Seattle.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Ungulata Elk (Cervus elaphus) Lanman et al. (2022) I5 - Road and highway undercrossings as potential critical linkages for California's elk populations RESEARCH NOTE.pdf
Willamette Valley Ungulata Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Elk (Cervus elaphus) Lloyd et al. (2005) OReg - Wildlife Hot Spots along Highways in Northwestern Oregon (1).pdf
Northwestern Washington, Southwestern Washington Ungulata Elk (Cervus elaphus), White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Marion Carey (2001) OReg - Addressing Wildlife Mortality on Highways in Washington.pdf
Northwestern Washington, Southwestern Washington Carnivora Cougar (Puma concolor) Matthew J. Warren (2013) I5 - Cougar genetic variation and gene flow in a heterogeneous landscape.pdf
Southern California Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Ungulata Desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), Black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), Bobcat (Lynx rufus), Coyote (Canis latrans), Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), Cougar (Puma concolor), Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi), Brush deer mouse (Peromyscus boylii), Cactus deer mouse (Peromyscus eremicus), California deer mouse (Peromyscus californicus), Canyon deer mouse (Peromyscus crinitus), Northern Baja deer mouse (Peromyscus fraterculus), Pinon deer mouse (Peromyscus truei), Little pocket mouse (Perognathus longimembris), San Joaquin pocket mouse (Perognathus inornatus), White-eared pocket mouse (Perognathus alticola), Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis), Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans), Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni), Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus), San Joaquin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides), Stephen's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi), Big-eared woodrat (Neotoma macrotis), Desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), Dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) Michelle L. Murphy (2011) OReg - Evaluating Wildlife Corridor Linkages_ Do Freeway Underpasses Connect the Peninsular and Transverse Mountain Ranges.pdf
Southern California Ungulata Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Mitelberg et al. (2019) I5 - DNA Fingerprinting of Southern Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus) in North San Diego County, California (2018–19).pdf
Willamette Valley, Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Carnivora Fisher (Martes pennanti) Moriarty et al. (2017) I5 - Pacific Fisher Distribution and Carnivore Monitoring Summer Protocol 2017.pdf
Central Valley Rodentia Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) Nathan Alexander (2016) I5 - Genetic Structure and Connectivity of The Endangered Giant Kangaroo Rat (Dipodemys ingens) in a Heterogeneous Environment.pdf
Willamette Valley, Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Carnivora Gray wolf (Canis lupus) ODFW (2019) I5 - Oregon Wolf Conservation and Management Plan.pdf
Southern California Carnivora Cougar (Puma concolor) Paul Beier (1995) I5 - Dispersal of Juvenile Cougars in Fragmented Habitat.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Ungulata Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Elk (Cervus elaphus), Fisher (Martes pennanti), American black bear (Ursus americanus), Cougar (Puma concolor), Bobcat (Lynx rufus), Coyote (Canis latrans), Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Ermine (Mustela erminea), Black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), Douglas's squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii), Western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus), California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi), Bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), Dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) Penrod et al. (2022) I5 - Cascade-Siskiyou Connectivity Symposium.pdf
Willamette Valley Ungulata White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Ricca (2000) I5 - Movements, Habitat Associations, and Survival of Columbian White-tailed deer in Western Oregon.pdf
Willamette Valley Ungulata White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Ricca et al. (2002) I5 - Survival of Columbian White-Tailed Deer in Western Oregon.pdf
Southwestern Washington, Willamette Valley, Central Valley Ungulata Elk (Cervus elaphus) Ruediger et al. (2005) I5 - Effects of highways on elk (Cervus elaphus) habitat in the Western United States and proposed mitigation approaches.pdf
Southern California Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Ungulata Bobcat (Lynx rufus), Coyote (Canis latrans), Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Cougar (Puma concolor), Desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii) Sheik Moinuddin (2021) OReg - Wildlife Crossing Over Route 101 and the Benefits and Challenges it Presents.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Rodentia Shadow chipmunk (Tamias senex), Siskiyou chipmunk (Tamias siskiyou), Sonoma chipmunk (Tamias sonomae), Townsend's chipmunk (Tamias townsendii), Yellow-pine chipmunk (Tamias amoenus), American black bear (Ursus americanus), Bobcat (Lynx rufus), Brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani), Coyote (Canis latrans), Desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), Douglas's squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii), Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata), Sewellel (Aplodontia rufa), Cougar (Puma concolor), Northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), Yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) Shilling et al. (2018) I5 - Wildlife-Crossing Mitigation Effectiveness with Traffic Noise and Light_0.pdf
Southwestern Washington Rodentia, Soricomorpha Vagrant shrew (Sorex vagrans), Trowbridge's shrew (Sorex trowbridgii), Western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis), Dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes), Western red-backed vole (Myodes californicus), California vole (Microtus californicus), Montane vole (Microtus montanus), Townsend's vole (Microtus townsendii), Creeping vole (Microtus oregoni), Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni), North American deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), Northwestern deer mouse (Peromyscus keeni) Singleton et al. (1999) OReg - Assessing Wildlife Habitat Connectivity in the Interstate 90 Snoqualmie Pass Corridor, Washington.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Carnivora Fisher (Martes pennanti), American marten (Martes americana) Spencer et al. (2019) OReg - Habitat Connectivity for Fishers and Martens in the Klamath Basin Region of California and Oregon.pdf
Northwestern Washington Sulenes et al. (2013) I5 - Squalicum Creek Re-Route Environmental Impact Assessment.pdf
Willamette Valley, Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Carnivora Gray wolf (Canis lupus) Ted Larsen (2004) OReg - Modeling Gray Wolf Habitat in Oregon Using a Geographic Information System.pdf
Willamette Valley, Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Carnivora Fisher (Martes pennanti) Tim L. Hiller (2015) I5 - Feasibility Assessment for the Reintroduction of Fishers in Western Oregon, USA.pdf
Northwestern Washington, Southwestern Washington Carnivora Cougar (Puma concolor) Warren et al. (2016) I5 - Forest Cover Mediates Genetic Connectivity of Northwestern Cougars.pdf
Central Valley, Southern California Carnivora, Rodentia, Ungulata Nelson's antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelsoni), San Joaquin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides), Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), Cougar (Puma concolor), American badger (Taxidea taxus), Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus), White-eared pocket mouse (Perognathus alticola) White et al. (2006) I5 - Proposed Reserve Design for Tejon Ranch_ A Threatened California Legacy.pdf
Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains Carnivora, Rodentia White-footed vole (Arborimus albipes), Fisher (Martes pennanti) Wittenberg et al. (1999) I5 - Middle Cow Creek Watershed Analysis.pdf
Southern California Carnivora Cougar (Puma concolor) Zeller et al. (2017) OReg - Mountain Lion (Puma concolor) Connectivity in the North San Diego County Multi-Species Conservation Plan Area.pdf